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Shark Cartilage
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[General information | History | Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical studies]
[Human/Clinical studies | Adverse effects | Glossary | References]
[For more information]

References

  1. Prudden JF, Balassa, LL: The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparations. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 3(4): 287-321, 1974.
  2. Prudden JF: The treatment of human cancer with agents prepared from bovine cartilage. Journal of Biological Response Modifiers 4: 551-584, 1985.
  3. Romano CF, Lipton A, Harvey HA, et al.: A phase II study of Catrix-S in solid tumors. Journal of Biological Response Modifiers 4(6): 585-589, 1985.
  4. Puccio C, Mittelman A, Chun P, et al.: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with Catrix. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 13: A769, 1994.
  5. Dupont E, Savard PE, Jourdain C, et al.: Antiangiogenic properties of a novel shark cartilage extract: Potential role in the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 2(3): 146-152, 1998.
  6. Rivere M, Latreille J, Falardeau P, et al.: AE-941(Neovastat), an inhibitor of angiogenesis: Phase I/II lung cancer clinical trial results. Annals of Oncology 9(suppl. 4):133(A636P), 1998.
  7. Evans WK, Latreille J, Batist G, et al.: AE-941, an inhibitor of angiogenesis: Rationale for a phase III study on AE-941 in combination with induction chemotherapy/radiotherapy in patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proceedings of the 1999 AACRNCIEORTC International Conference. Clinical Cancer Research 5: 3774s(A221), 1999.
  8. Evans W, Latreille J, Batist G, et al.: AE-941, an inhibitor of angiogenesis: Rationale for development in combination with induction chemotherapy/radiotherapy in patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 18: A1938, 1999.
  9. Evans WK, Latreille J, Barist G, et al.: AE-941, an inhibitor of angiogenesis: Rationale for development in combination with induction chemotherapy/radiotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). European Journal of Cancer 35(suppl. 4): S250(A992), 1999.
  10. Miller DR, Anderson GT, Stark JJ, et al.: Phase I/II trial of the safety and efficacy of shark cartilage in the treatment of advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 16(11): 3649-3655, 1998.
  11. Leitner SP, Rothkopf MM, Haverstick L, et al.: Two phase II studies of oral dry shark cartilage powder (SCP) with either metastatic breast or prostate cancer refractory to standard treatment. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 17: A240, 1998.
  12. Rosenbluth RJ, Jennis AA, Cantwell S, et al.: Oral shark cartilage in the treatment of patients with advanced primary brain tumors. A phase II pilot study. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 18: A554, 1999.
  13. PDQ Clinical Trials Database (URL: http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov): Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of bovine tracheal cartilage in the treatment of advanced or metastatic cancer. Protocol IDs: MRMC-CTCA-9506, NCI-V96-1027. Status: Closed. Database accessed: July 10, 2000.
  14. Prudden JF, Migel P, Hanson P, et al.: The discovery of a potent pure chemical wound-healing accelerator. The American Journal of Surgery 119(5): 560-564, 1970.
  15. Anonymous: Aetema: Clinical results from phase I of the prostate and lung cancer study confirm the safety of AE-941/Neovastat (press release). European Journal of Cancer Care 8: 7, 1999.
  16. Anonymous: AE 941-Neovastat : Adis comments. Drugs R&D 1(2):135-136, 1999.
  17. Cassileth BR: Shark and bovine cartilage therapies. In: The Alternative Medicine Handbook (WW Norton & Company, New York, NY), pp. 197- 200, 1998.
  18. The Center for Alternative Medicine Research in Cancer at the University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center: Cartilage summary. URL: http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu:8052/utcam/agents/crtlg.htm. Date accessed: August 18, 2000.
  19. Holt S: Shark cartilage and nutriceutical update. Alternative & Complementary Therapies 1: 414-416, 1995.
  20. Anonymous: Therapy consultation: Shark cartilage for cancer treatment. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 52: 1756/1760, 1995.
  21. Fontenele JB, Araujo GB, de Alencar JW, et al.: The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of shark cartilage are due to a peptide molecule and are nitric oxide (NO) system dependent. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20(11): 1151-1154, 1997.
  22. Harshbarger JC, Ostrander GK.: Cancer in sharks, skates, rays, and other lower fishes. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 41: A4848, 2000.
  23. Schlumberger HG, Lucke B: Tumors of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Cancer Research 8: 657-754, 1948.
  24. Wellings SR: Neoplasia and primitive vertebrate phylogeny: echinoderms, prevertebrates, and fishes--a review. National Cancer Institute Monograph 31: 59-128, 1969.
  25. Durie BG, Soehnlen B, Prudden JF: Antitumor activity of bovine cartilage extract (Catrix-S) in the human tumor stem cell assay. Journal of Biological Response Modifiers 4(6): 590-595, 1985.
  26. Murray JB, Allison K, Sudhalter J, et al.: Purification and partial amino acid sequence of a bovine cartilage-derived collagenase inhibitor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261(9): 4154-4159, 1986.
  27. Moses MA, Sudhalter J, Langer R: Identification of an inhibitor of neovascularization from cartilage. Science 248: 1408-1410, 1990.
  28. Moses MA, Sudhalter J, Langer R: Isolation and characterization of an inhibitor of neovascularization from scapular chondrocytes. Journal of Cell Biology 119(2): 475-482, 1992.
  29. Moses MA: A cartilage-derived inhibitor of neovascularization and metalloproteinases. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 11(suppl. 8): S67- S69, 1993.
  30. Takigawa M, Pan H-O, Enomoto, et al.: A clonal human chondrosarcoma cell line produces an anti-angiogenic antitumor factor. Anticancer Research 10: 311-316, 1990.
  31. Ohba Y, Goto Y, Kimura Y, et al.: Purification of an angiogenesis inhibitor from culture medium conditioned by a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1245: 1-8, 1995.
  32. Sadove AM, Kuettner KE: Inhibition of mammary carcinoma invasiveness with cartilage-derived inhibitor. Surgical Forum 28: 499-501, 1977.
  33. Langer R, Brem H, Falterman K, et al.: Isolation of a cartilage factor that inhibits tumor neovascularization. Science 193: 70-71, 1976.
  34. Langer R, Conn H, Vacanti J, et al.: Control of tumor growth in animals by infusion of an angiogenesis inhibitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 77(7): 4331-4335, 1980.
  35. Takigawa M, Shirai E, Enomoto M, et al.: Cartilage-derived anti-tumor factor (CATF) inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells in culture. Cell Biology International Reports 9(7): 619-625, 1985.
  36. Takigawa M, Shirai E, Enomoto M, et al.: A factor in conditioned medium of rabbit costal chondrocytes inhibits the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells and angiogenesis induced by B16 melanoma: its relation with cartilage-derived anti-tumor factor (CATF). Biochemistry International 14(2): 357-363, 1987.
  37. Hiraki Y, Inoue H, Iyama K-I, et al.: Identification of chondromodulin I as a novel endothelial cell growth inhibitor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272(51): 32419-32426, 1997.
  38. Pauli BU, Memoli VA, Kuettner KE: Regulation of tumor invasion by cartilage-derived anti-invasion factor in vitro. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 67(1): 65-70, 1981.
  39. Lee A, Langer R: Shark cartilage contains inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis. Science 221(4616): 1185-1187, 1983.
  40. Davis PF, He Y, Furneaux RH, et al.: Inhibition of angiogenesis by oral ingestion of powdered shark cartilage in a rat model. Microvascular Research 54(2): 178-182, 1997.
  41. Sheu JR, Fu CC, Tsai ML, et al.: Effect of U-995, a potent shark cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, on anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor activities. Anticancer Research 18: 4435-4442, 1998.
  42. McGuire TR, Kazakoff PW, Hoie EB, et al.: Antiproliferative activity of shark cartilage with and without tumor necrosis factor-a in human umbilical vein endothelium. Pharmacotherapy 16(2): 237-244, 1996.
  43. Oikawa T, Ashino-Fuse H, Shimamura M, et al.: A novel angiogenic inhibitor derived from Japanese shark cartilage (I): extraction and estimation of inhibitory activities toward tumor and embryonic angiogenesis. Cancer Letters 51(3): 181-186, 1990.
  44. Morris GM, Coderre JA, Micca PL, et al.: Boron neutron capture therapy of the rat 9L gliosarcoma: Evaluation of the effects of shark cartilage. British Journal of Radiology 73: 429-434, 2000.
  45. Dupont E, Alaoui-Jamali M, Wang T, et al.: Angiostatic and antitumoral activity of AE-941 (Neovastat-R), a molecular fraction derived from shark cartilage. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 38: A1530, 1997.
  46. Riviere M, Alaoui-Jamali M, Falardeau P, et al.: Neovastat: an inhibitor of angiogenesis with anti-cancer activity. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 39: A317, 1998.
  47. Sirois MG: AE-941, a new and specific VEGF antagonist? Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 40: A1517, 1999.
  48. Liang JH, Wong KP: The characterization of angiogenesis inhibitor from shark cartilage. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 476: 209-223, 2000.
  49. Wojtowicz-Praga S: Clinical potential of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Drugs R&D 1(2): 117-129, 1999.
  50. Suzuki F: Cartilage-derived growth factor and antitumor factor: Past, present, and future studies. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 259: 1-7, 1999.
  51. PDQ Clinical Trials Database (URL: http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov): Phase III randomized study of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy with or without AE-941, a shark cartilage extract, in patients with stage IIIA or IIIB unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. Protocol IDs: MDA-ID-99303, NCI-T99- 0046. Status: Active. Database accessed: July 10, 2000.
  52. PDQ Clinical Trials Database (URL: http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov): Phase III randomized study of AE-941 (shark cartilage extract) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma refractory to immunotherapy. Protocol IDs: AETERNA-AE-RC-99-02, CAN-CCI-ETH-00-32-17, CCF-IRB-3664, JGH-00023, UPCC- 2800. Status: Active. Database accessed: October 13, 2000.
  53. Folkman J: The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth. Seminars in Cancer Biology 3: 65-71, 1992.
  54. Sipos EP, Tamargo RJ, Weingart JD, et al.: Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 732: 263-272, 1994.
  55. Li C-Y, Shan S, Huang Q, et al.: Initial stages of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis: Evaluation via skin window chambers in rodent models. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92(2): 143-147, 2000.
  56. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, et al.: The Molecular Biology of the Cell, Third Edition (Garland Publishing, New York, NY), 1294 pages, 1994.
  57. Cremer MA, Rosloniec EF, Kang AH: The cartilage collagens: A review of their structure, organization, and role in the pathogenesis of experimental arthritis in animals and in human rheumatic disease. Journal of Molecular Medicine 76: 275-288, 1998.
  58. Rosen J, Sherman WT, Prudden JF, et al.: Immunoregulatory effects of Catrix. Journal of Biological Response Modifiers 7(5): 498-512, 1988.
  59. Houck JC, Jacob RA, DeAngelo L, et al.: The inhibition of inflammation and the acceleration of tissue repair by cartilage powder. Surgery 51: 632- 638, 1962.
  60. Simone CB, Simone NL, Simone CB: Shark cartilage for cancer. Lancet 351: 9113, 1998.
  61. Horsman MR, Alsner J, Overgaard J: The effect of shark cartilage extracts on the growth and metastatic spread of the SCVII carcinoma. Acta Oncologica 37: 441-445, 1998.
  62. Moses MA: The regulation of neovascularization by matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Stem Cells 15: 180-189, 1997.
  63. Stetler-Stevenson WG: Matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis: a moving target for therapeutic intervention. Journal of Clinical Investigation 103(9): 1237-1241, 1999.
  64. Haas TL, Madri JA: Extracellular matrix-driven metalloproteinase production in endothelial cells: Implications for angiogenesis. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 9(3/4): 70-77, 1999.
  65. McCawley LJ, Matrisian LM: Matrix metalloproteinases: Multifunctional contributors to tumor progression. Molecular Medicine Today 6: 149-156, 2000.
  66. Pettit GR, Ode RH: Antineoplastic agents L: isolation and characterization of sphyrnastatins 1 and 2 from the hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66(5): 757-758, 1977.
  67. Sigel MM, Fugman RA: Studies on immunoglobulins reactive with tumor cells and antigens. Cancer Research 28: 1457-1459, 1968.
  68. Snodgrass MJ, Burke JD, Meetz, GD: Inhibitory effect of shark serum on the Lewis lung carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 56(5): 981-983, 1976.
  69. Pugliese PT, Heinerman J: Devour Disease with Shark Liver Oil (Impakt Communications, Green Bay, WI), 63 pages, 1999.
  70. Berberi P, Thibodeau A, Germain L, et al.: Antiangiogenic effects of the oral administration of liquid cartilage extract in humans. Journal of Surgical Research 87: 108-113, 1999.
  71. Ashar B, Vargo E: Shark cartilage-induced hepatitis. Annals of Internal Medicine 125(9): 780-781, 1996.

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For More Information
For more information on complementary and alternative therapies, contact the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM):

NCCAM Clearinghouse
Post Office Box 8218
Silver Spring, MD 20907-8218
TTY/TDY: 1-888-644-6226 (toll free)

Additional information is available in the NCI Cancer Facts sheet Questions and Answers About Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Cancer Treatment.

Important: This information is intended mainly for use by doctors and other health care professionals. If you have questions about this topic, you can ask your doctor, or call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged. 
National Institutes of Health 
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) 
NCCAM Clearinghouse.

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Shark Cartilage

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