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Folate & Folic Acid
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[Folate and folic acid: What is it? | What foods provide folic acid]
[Recommended Daily Allowance]
[When can Folate & Folic Acid Deficiency Occur?]
[Signs of Folate & Folic Acid Deficiency]
[Who May Need Folic Acid Supplements]
[Caution About Folic Acid Supplements | Issues and Controversies]
[Table of Food Sources | References]

References

1. Herbert V. Folic Acid. In: Shils M, Olson J, Shike M, Ross AC, ed. Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

2. Kamen B. Folate and antifolate pharmacology. Semin Oncol 1997; 24:S18-30-S18-39.

3. Fenech M, Aitken C, Rinaldi J. Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19:1163-71.

4. Zittoun J. Anemias due to disorder of folate, vitamin B12 and transcobalamin metabolism. Rev Prat 1993; 43:1358-63.

5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,1999. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. Nutrient Data Lab Home Page, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp

6. Oakley GP, Jr., Adams MJ, Dickinson CM. More folic acid for everyone, now. J Nutr 1996; 126:751S-755S.

7. Malinow MR, Duell PB, Hess DL, Anderson PH, Kruger WD, Phillipson BE, Gluckman RA, Upson BM. Reduction of plasma homocyst(e)ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1009-15.

8. Daly S, Mills JL, Molloy AM, Conley M, Lee YJ, Kirke PN, Weir DG, Scott JM. Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural-tube defects. Lancet 1997; 350:1666-9.

9. Crandall BF, Corson VL, Evans MI, Goldberg JD, Knight G, Salafsky IS. American College of Medical Genetics statement on folic acid: Fortification and supplementation. Am J Med Genet 1998; 78:381.

10. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic Acid, biotin, and choline. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 1998.

11. Suitor CW and Bailey LB. Dietary folate equivalents: Interpretation and application. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100:88-94.

12. Raiten DJ and Fisher KD. Assessment of folate methodology used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). J Nutr 1995; 125:1371S-1398S.

13. Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Bischlf AM, Caughman CR, Loria CM, Johnson CL. Dietary Intake of Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber of Persons Ages 2 Months and Over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. In: Johnson GV, ed. Hyattsville, MD: Vital and Health Statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, 1994:1-28.

14. Lewis CJ, Crane NT, Wilson DB, Yetley EA. Estimated folate intakes: Data updated to reflect food fortification, increased bioavailability, and dietary supplement use. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:198-207.

15. McNulty H. Folate requirements for health in different population groups. Br J Biomed Sci 1995; 52:110-9.

16. Stolzenberg R. Possible folate deficiency with postsurgical infection. Nutr Clin Pract 1994;9:247-50.

17. Cravo ML, Gloria LM, Selhub J, Nadeau MR, Camilo ME, Resende MP, Cardoso JN, Leitao CN, Mira FC. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:220-4.

18. Pietrzik KF and Thorand B. Folate economy in pregnancy. Nutrition 1997;13:975-7.

19. Kelly GS. Folates: Supplemental forms and therapeutic applications. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3:208-20.

20. Haslam N and Probert CS. An audit of the investigation and treatment of folic acid deficiency. J R Soc Med 1998; 91:72-3.

21. Shaw GM, Schaffer D, Velie EM, Morland K, Harris JA. Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects. Epidemiology 1995; 6:219-226.

22. Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erickson JD, Berry RJ. Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects. J Am Med Assoc 1988; 260:3141-3145.

23 Milunsky A, Jick H, Jick SS, Bruell CL, MacLaughlin DS, Rothman KJ, Willett W. Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects. J Am Med Assoc 1989; 262:2847-2852.

24. Gloria L, Cravo M, Camilo ME, Resende M, Cardoso JN, Oliveira AG, Leitao CN, Mira FC. Nutritional deficiencies in chronic alcoholics: Relation to dietary intake and alcohol consumption. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:485-9.

25. Collins CS, Bailey LB, Hillier S, Cerda JJ, Wilder BJ. Red blood cell uptake of supplemental folate in patients on anticonvulsant drug therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:1445-1450.

26. Young SN and Ghadirian AM. Folic acid and psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 1989; 13:841-863.

27. Munoz-Garcia D, Del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A. Truncal ataxia in chronic anticonvulsant treatment. Association with drug-induced folate deficiency. J Neurol Sci 1982; 55:305-11.

28. Eller DP, Patterson CA, Webb GW. Maternal and fetal implications of anticonvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24:523-34.

29. Baggott JE, Morgan SL, HaT, Vaughn WH, Hine RJ. Inhibition of folate-dependent enzymes by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochem 1992; 282:197-202.

30. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Belanger AJ, O'Leary DH, Wolf PA, Scaefer EJ, Rosenberg IH. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:286-291.

31. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:359-64.

32. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1998; 49:31-62.

33. Boers GH. Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A newly recognized risk factor for vascular disease. Neth J Med 1994; 45:34-41.

34. Selhub J, Jacque PF, Wilson PF, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J Am Med Assoc 1993 ;270:2693-2698.

35. Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:517-27.

36. Malinow MR. Plasma homocyst(e)ine and arterial occlusive diseases: A mini-review. Clin Chem 1995; 41:173-6.

37. Flynn MA, Herbert V, Nolph GB, Krause G. Atherogenesis and the homocysteine-folate-cobalamin triad: Do we need standardized analyses? J Am Coll Nutr 1997; 16:258-67.

38. Fortin LJ and Genest J, Jr. Measurement of homocyst(e)ine in the prediction of arteriosclerosis. Clin Biochem 1995; 28:155-62.

39. Siri PW, Verhoef P, Kok FJ. Vitamins B6, B12, and folate: Association with plasma total homocysteine and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17:435-41.

40. Eskes TK. Open or closed? A world of difference: A history of homocysteine research. Nutr Rev 1998; 56:236-44.

41. Ubbink JB, van der Merwe A, Delport R, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Riezler R, Vermaak WJ. The effect of a subnormal vitamin B-6 status on homocysteine metabolism. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:177-84.

42. Freudenheim JL, Grahm S, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Cholewinski S, Wilkinson G. Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:368-374.

43. Jennings E. Folic acid as a cancer preventing agent. Med Hypothesis 1995; 45:297-303.

44. Christensen B. Folate deficiency, cancer and congenital abnormalities. Is there a connection? . Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996; 116:250-4.

45. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:517-524.

46. Rubio IT, Cao Y, Hutchins LF, Westbrook KC, Klimberg VS. Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity. Ann Surg 1998; 227:772-8.

47. Wolff JE, Hauch H, Kuhl J, Egeler RM, Jurgens H. Dexamethasone increases hepatotoxicity of MTX in children with brain tumors. Anticancer Res 1998; 18:2895-9.

48. Kepka L, De Lassence A, Ribrag V, Gachot B, Blot F, Theodore C, Bonnay M, Korenbaum C, Nitenberg G. Successful rescue in a patient with high dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 29:205-9.

49. Branda RF, Nigels E, Lafayette AR, Hacker M. Nutritional folate status influences the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in rats. Blood 1998; 92:2471-6.

50. Shiroky JB. The use of folates concomitantly with low-dose pulse methotrexate. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23:969-80.

51. Keshava C, Keshava N, Whong WZ, Nath J, Ong TM. Inhibition of methotrexate-induced chromosomal damage by folinic acid in V79 cells. Mutat Res 1998; 397:221-8.

52. Morgan SL and Baggott JE. Folate antagonists in nonneoplastic disease: Proposed mechanisms of efficacy and toxicity. In: Bailey LB, ed. Folate in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995: 405-433.

53. Morgan SL BJ, Alarcon GS. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Folate supplementation should always be given. Bio Drugs 1997; 8:164-175.

54. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Lee JY, Alarcon GS. Folic acid supplementation prevents deficient blood folate levels and hyperhomocysteinemia during longterm, low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention. J Rheumatol 1998; 25:441-6.

55. Hathcock JN. Vitamins and minerals: Efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:427-37. 56. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2000. http://www.ars.usda.gov/dgac

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